Ethic Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethic Dilemma - Essay Example In addition, the workers develop a sense in understanding that they are the key component for success both at the individual and at the organizational level. On the other hand, the system aids in the determination of human behavior in the workplace (Selgelid, 2009). It determines the real personalities of the workers in relation to how their work is efficient. To explain further, the system aids in understanding human psychology of the workers through monitoring how they manage their free time at work. The design of the system is important because it highlights both the positive and the negative aspects of the employees. The supervision is key to the establishment of an ethical environment. This is because the organization could formulate ethical policies through the positive and negative feedback from the employees. The dual use research aids in the identification of specific issues about the employees. This is because there is an analysis of the issues identified and ethical solutions are provided by the organization, to attempt the resolution of ethical

Cultural Perspectives from another Country - Pakistan Essay

Cultural Perspectives from another Country - Pakistan - Essay Example (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) The second most populous Muslim country was formed on the 14th of August 1947. Before Pakistan gained independence, the country was under the rule of the British Empire. The British entered the Subcontinent as the British East India Company, a private trading company, when the Mughals had Jehangir as an Emperor. Slowly and gradually the huge Mughal Empire began to crumble because the emperors and nobles alike had grown so accustomed to living a life of pure pleasure with the wealth their ancestors had accumulated. Many historians blame Aurangzeb, the Emperor Shah Jehan's son for sowing the seeds of decline, as it was after he started ruling that the kingdom began to fall apart. Aurangzeb couldn't rule very well, his administration left a lot to be desired. The nobles were often power hungry and the consequence of the lack of supervision was that they became highly powerful at court and the emperors couldn't control them. The empire was huge and when rebellions broke out it took the emperor months to take decisive decision to end them. The cost of maintaining a huge army to continuously quell these rebellions and that wasn't the only cost. When an emperor died, the succession dispute resulted in a waste of huge sums of money. When riddled with such... In the beginning The East India Company only had a few bases along the coast of the Subcontinent but then they started expanding and spread out to Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). The EIC were good at fighting and protected India from other European countries such as France, Portugal and Denmark. After the battle of Plassey and the exploitation of Bengal the British government decided that the misgovernment of India had to be stopped. So they passed the India Act in 1784 in which the British government took direct control of Indian possessions and appointed a Governor-General. From then on the British influence could be seen everywhere. However things weren't made a 100% percent official until the 1857 War of Independence (as the Indians called it) or the 1857 Mutiny (as the British called it). The Indians, the Indian army in particular rose in revolt against the British and they were crushed. The British government took complete control of India and a member of the British cabinet, the Secretary of State for India. The Governor -General was now called Viceroy and in 1877 the British Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Gradually the Muslims in India began to become aware of their individuality and cultural identity. They were of the opinion that they could not live together with the Hindus and under the regime of the British. They wanted an independent country of their own. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the earliest pioneers of the independence movement. His "Two-Nation-Theory" was later supported by people like Allama Muhammed Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali Kahn. Both Allama Muhammed Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali Kahn had studied in Britain and when they came back they both believed that a

There Is No Such Thing as a Job for Life Essay Example for Free

There Is No Such Thing as a Job for Life Essay This notion seems to pose as a self evident statement, but in reality it has become a common truth a couple of decades ago. Statements such as â€Å"One in three workers remain in a job for less than two years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trapp, 1995) make their way to the public at a constant rate increasing its validity. In the following essay we are going to assess the basic historical changes that have led to an unstable and fluctuating job market while providing the necessary explanation concerning the effects that shape our current situation. Furthermore we are going to examine how globalisation acts as a catalyst to these circumstances. In order to address this issue we have to take into consideration the historical background that has led to this notion. I am going to concentrate on one of the people that made the most important steps on the concept of production relating their work to its current form. I’m going to address the work of F. W. Taylor that was the theorist that put together what Henry Ford, the second persona, put into action through the assembly line. Taylor’s aim was to optimise the production of a product by focusing on two main aspects. The first was to break down the process of production into the smallest possible component, a process known as specialisation, and in advance to limit the time frame that each step needed to completion. This was named by Taylor as a division of labour in time and motion. In order to achieve that Taylor manifested a number of methods, such as the training workers into mastering a simple and specific task so that they didn’t have to put any mental effort into it that would have complicated the process. In order though to control this massive chain of production Taylor had to take into consideration a way to monitor it. That’s where Taylor introduced the principle of management where the working labour that its job was the systematic repetition of a task was supervised by a number of managers that were to compensate for the lack of any mental activity carried out by the rest of the workforce. Taylor’s theoretical contributions were justified my his belief that the one best ethod and best implementation can only be discovered or developed through scientific study and analysis†(Taylor,1964, 131) but his analysis failed to consider the implications that his methods have brought upon the workforce; even though they may have renovated the industrial world its side effect was the creation of a new generation of deskilled and demotivated workers. And as we observe this is not an issue of the past since all the assembly lines still work within the framework that Taylor f irst implemented, from a highly technological product to the simplest household item. This paragraph is going to focus on the problems that appear by the deskilled labour force and how this affects its employability. Deskilling as it’s defined by the Oxford Dictionary is â€Å"†¦the process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers. † This elimination raises a number of issues, firstly is the issue of the working satisfaction of the labor force. By stripping the creativity out of the labor force’s job you are creating a level of dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction is due to the fact that the reward that the workers get by the creativeness that they used to assert is now lost; even if in most cases it has been replaced by a higher payroll this didn’t seem to cover the damage. As Noon and Blyton (1997, 147) put it â€Å"The dehumanising effects can often be seen in the glazed expressions of the young people who serve. Thus you have a new generation of deskilled workers that lacks the confidence to interact with their working place or any working place, a worker that’s alienated who is not only less able to keep up with the increasingly demanding working environment but is less able to mobilize in any other work place. The other issue that arises from this deskilling that exists in the secondary sector is that for a deskilled worker it’s easier to become redundant. This is the case since the semiskilled workers may have gone through a sophisticated and elaborated training but their training only covered the absolutely necessary aspects of their specific task. This may be considered as a form of upskilling but in its essence is just another component making the worker more dependable to his current job in an epoch that the job market is becoming more and more contestable. The rise in the employments market contestability is largely dependable to the role of globalisation and up to a certain extend has played a main role to the instability that is currently present. Financial Times (Stern, 2012) defines globalisation as â€Å"†¦the integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policy-making around the world. † Therefore one cannot argue that it has contracted the employment market as well as any other market. This contraction is a result of the â€Å"widening deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness† (Baldry, 2007, 40) providing chances for people to compete in any market from anywhere in the world. That’s not an issue to the well rounded and highly trained workers, but it raises a number of concerns for the semi-skilled workers that add up to the overwhelming majority of the working population. They are faced with a crisis that not only have not caused but are also unable to confront. They have to compete against people from countries that are less paid and better trained causing the unemployment figures to rise dramatically as the IMF(Slaughter and Swagel, 1997) states here â€Å"there is no doubt that globalisation has coincided with higher unemployment among the less skilled and with widening income inequality. Other than that there are cases of mass shifts in the markets where companies assign projects to foreign countries that were previously based at home. We observe that for example in the telecommunication industry where the telephone helpdesks of British companies get assigned to Indian stated firms that offer a better deal due to the lower wages provided to the Indian workforce; making this abstract, as it is generally perceived, mobilisation of the industry more rigid and more challenging. Coming to an end I can’t avoid emphasizing on the statements vitality and the public concern that this raises. A statement that has never been more accurate than now; and as we observe notions such as Globalisation and Division of labour rooting and becoming embedded to our culture and our society this issue will not only rise but become untreatable. Therefore either some steps have to be made forward or the trust towards the socio-political system will start shaking from its foundations.

Impact of Immigration in America

Impact of Immigration in America Brach Hadean Immigration in America The most vital and maybe special historic components adding to the personality for the US system is the range of backgrounds from where the nation’s resident come. Immigrants from nearly every spot associated within the globe have actually been determined enough to leave their particular ancestral houses and work out a brand new life in the US. Except for the American Indian, Eskimos and local Hawaiians, every American is both an immigrant or a descendant of immigrants. The circulation of individuals to what is today the United States Of America started in the the sixteenth century. Information technology proceeded mostly unrestricted until 1921, till congress enacted legislation establishing quotas for the wide range of the individuals that could enter the United States Of America. Most importantly, this continuing immigration made a great and remarkable jump in populace in the United States Of America. However, the influence of immigration and the growth of the United States Of America goes far beyond its influence on the dimensions of the population. The wave of immigrants that started to enlarge within the 1840s and crested at the conclusion of nineteenth century made feasible the impressive commercial and industrial development of the United States Of America, as well as territorial development. Another influence function of US immigration happens to be the ethic, financial and spiritual range associated with immigrants. Various other countries can track their particular development to size influxes of immigrants. Circumstances overseas as well as in the United States Of America triggered these individuals to show up here in great waves. Nearly all African immigrants arrived prior the Civil War, but unlike most various other immigrants, they didn’t come by their own accord. Chinese workers, recruited to aid creation of the railroads, set roots in huge numbers in the western Coast within the 1850s and 1860s. A lot of men and women from north and west Europe emerged before 1880. At the conclusion of the nineteenth and start of the 20th century, various others from Southern, Eastern and Central Europe came in bigger quantities for a number of years. Hungarians and Cubans have actually fled their particular homelands to escape communist regimes. Politics and Immigration The cultural range made possible by immigration in the United States Of America has enriched US songs, literary works, art, etc. This has additionally had an apparent influence on the United States political system. The most significant facets for the US for many immigrants happens to be a practically endless chances to take part in the American community despite their particular novice standing. After five year’s of good standing residence together with the passing of a number of exams in the concepts of federal government and legislation in the US, any person may become a US resident. The needs and requirements of the naturalized residents have actually supplied inputs for the United states political system. Once the wide range of possible immigrant voters increased, politicians started looking for techniques to win their particular electoral assistance. One particularly efficient means would be to spend even more effort looking into the happenings in nations from where huge figures of immigrants had come. In an effort to charm brand new voters throughout the nineteenth century, the nations government started to support issues associated with certain circumstances in various other nations. The Emergence of Ethnic Politics Much more essential, had been the influence of immigrant groups in the United states governmental system as they became involved in the government procedure. Many of these immigrants were indeed peasant farmers from their particular country of origin . They had little to no formal training education in crafts, investments or careers. The very first immigrants attracted from many nations had been in most cases apathetic and highly dubious of politics, and they regarded this a regulating device. It was in the nations hubs of towns and cities that the immigrants initially became linked with politics. Sooner or later they became linked, mastering all that politics could offer their particular passion by assisting to supply them with tasks and neighborhood solutions. They discovered furthermore that politics supplied networks of development for the highly motivated people in the immigrant group, which discovered their particular place in the government it self, either becoming a frontrunn ers or serving frontrunners on their own. Numerous immigrants shortly discovered that, when they ran for a particular office, they could bring in a considerable wide range of ballots from member of votes from people in their particular immigrant collective. As immigrants made up bigger and bigger levels of voters within the metropolitan areas, they became more and more effective in electing their particular people to general public positions. The immigrant politician tried to discover tasks for people in their own cultural group. Just as crucial, he aided them withe guidelines, legislation and obligations of citizenship in positions where in the vocabulary ended up being unknown and hard to learn. In return for these favors, the immigrant voters added to continued governmental help. This design, which appeared in the last half of the nineteenth century, profoundly affected the nature associated with the US governmental system. The design ended up being private and individual instead of focused toward wide problems of general public plan. Certainly, it had been focused toward getting the financial protection of immigrants in a realm of uncertainly. No matter what appeal might be presented to immigrants to become part of the modern or maj or governmental movements, the device that opened the doors to immigrants ensured their loyalty because of the opportunity originally given. Immigrants thus never ever became an essential power in reform politics. The very early individualistic and personal direction of immigrant politics ended up being changed with 2nd and 3rd generation immigrants. Politics based on favors started steadily to minimize as second-generation immigrants at the conclusion of the nineteenth century reacted to the increasing failure of urban area employers to provide all their particular requirements. Second generation immigrants had additionally an even more extended consciousness of this opportunities of politics than their particular forebears. The cultural groups within the urban centers started to join modern and liberal governmental motions and by the time the New Deal contract came into existence in the 1930s they constituted a crucial base of help for the democratic party. Cultural Politics and American Pluralism Possibly, one of the most essential results of immigration in American governmental life happens to be the extension of ethic identification in American politics. This respect to nationwide beginnings is of good relevance whenever a possible prospect is selected for public office. Additionally, it influences the casting of ballots, the framing of problems, the filling of community tasks and a lot of other issues in the government. The continuation of ethic identification is particularly significant because it reinforces the pluralistic personality associated with the United states political system. It adds to the complexity of causes affecting the tasks of federal government and it will help to make sure that governmental aid is going to be extensively provided. Since there are incredibly numerous ethic distinctions, no one group is in a position to obtain control of the equipment necessary for control of the US federal government. In spite of the perseverance in maintaining ethic identification, many ethic groups have grown to be adequately assimilated into American culture to subordinate this identification for their identification as US citizens. This is because of the capacity regarding the governmental portions of this culture to take the newcomers into the governmental and social procedure. The Ebony in the American Situation Unlike various other ethic groups, black American, whove been here prior to the creation associated with the republic, havent been in a position to take part completely in the government. Despite their expertise aided by the vocabulary or their typical values with bulk of People in America, they are held outside the framework of the United states culture. Rules, statutes and customs had been piled against them, preventing them from voting, from equal education and the right to live in an area of their choosing if affordable. Even after reformation, numerous blacks continue to be annoyed at their particular incapacity to play a role in the inputs of governmental system. They think there are no particular officials through who they may be able channel their needs or who can express their issues adequately. Some black colored individuals believe that aggression and violence may be their only way to counteract this ineffectiveness within the governmental system. Cultural variety can be both a benifit and a hindrance. In a lot of instances, it has a tendency to deteriorate and prevent a person or group from obtaining control, therefore permitting most of the groups to take part in the democratic processes. Conversely, like in the scenario of black colored United states, whenever any solitary group is not incorporated into the procedure, the democratic beliefs are not satisfied. Altering Patterns of Immigration In the past years remarkable modifications have actually taken hold within the diverse populace of immigrants who are assimilating into America. Whereas within the past, many immigrants arrived from Northern Europe, nowadays practically one 3rd of all of the immigrants come from Asia. This development reflects an improvement in the immigration legislation in 1965, that Eastern Hemisphere and Europeans nations are placed on equivalent ground; not more than 20,000 immigrants per 12 months from each nation are permitted to enter the United States Of America. Of certain importance would be the fact that immigrants these days are attracted through the elites of the local nations, instead of through the lower classes. It has triggered a mind drain who has badly crippled a lot of Asian nations. The issue of Illegal Aliens By the conclusion of the 1970s the United States Of America had been confronted using the uncommon issue of coping with millions of unlawful aliens. Its impossible to acquire a precise count of illegal immigrants, the Immigration and Naturalization division places the cumulative figure at 6 to 8 million. The issue is especially in the Southwest, in which happens to be an apparent intrusion of Mexicans, looking to escape the extensive impoverishment in their own personal nation. It was projected that huge numbers of unlawful Mexicans cross the country’s borders looking for employment, that a few of the United states companies provide due to the lower wages. The issue of illegal aliens reflect change in the immigration plan that today significantly restrict immigration. Whereas previous immigrants established the anchor for the current work force and the literal feeling they created a great deal of America, the descendants regarding the initial immigrants today start to see the increase of individuals from overseas as a risk for their jobs in a nation of lower than filled national employment. Sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States http://www.history.com/topics/u-s-immigration-before-1965 http://www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm;jsessionid=f8302211001397524805099?bhcp=1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/american-political-culture/section2.rhtml

William Butler Yeats Poems :: poetry, william butler yeats

William Butler Yeats, born in 1865 and died in 1939. Yeats is one of the greatest poets that is well known in the twentieth century. Also a philosophical person, Yeats had developed his own philosophy which states, â€Å"Yeats developed a philosophy that united his interest in history, art, personality, and society. His basic insight was that, in all these fields, conflicting forces are at work. In history, for example, as one kind of civilization grows and eventually dies, an opposite kind of civilization is born to take its place. Similarly, human personalities can be defined as opposites: the creative or subjective person versus the active or objective person.† (Prentice Hall Literature [page 1144 Yeats’s Philosophy]). With this said, Yeats believed that if you believed there was such a thing called a â€Å"soul† you would not only live a life of concentric circles, but indeed there would be this thing we call an â€Å"afterlife†. Thus, explaining Yeat s’s Philosophy, meaning that we will be reborn depending on whether or not of you wanted to live life, or as he states it in Sailing to Byzantium, live the new life like a monument. Critic Richard Ellmann states, that Yeats’s poetry is based on the opposition between â€Å"the world of change† and a world of â€Å"changelessness†. Evidence of this is supported in Yeats poetry, When You Are Old, The Lake Isle of Innisfree, The Wild Swans at Coole, The Second Coming, and finally Sailing to Byzantium. All five of these poems represent change and stability in each poem; however, the change can vary among nature and civilization. In the first text, one of Yeats’s poem, When You Are Old, demonstrates a change in the physical appearance of civilization. An example is as follows, â€Å"When you are old and gray and full of sleep, and nodding by the fire, take down this book, and slowly read, and dream of the soft look your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;† (Prentice Hall Literature [page 1140 lines 1-4]). When You Are Old, by Yeats, describes how a man once young grew old and lost his beauty. As described in the text, one thing that changes is the physical appearance of a human beings face. Related to today’s society we begin to come up with â€Å"cures† to prevent aging, even though we basically drag around a decaying body waiting for our soul to set free, we find ways to prevent everything from sagging and bagging.

Food Safety and Food Borne Diseases Essays -- Exploratory Essays

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), food borne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. For many students, college is the first time many of you ever had to think about buying your own food or cooking for yourselves. As a result, many students are not educated in proper food safety precautions which can prevent many of these food borne diseases. Storing your food in the proper conditions is the first step in proper food safety. For meat, fish, and poultry, it is best to keep them in the coldest part of your refrigerator, which in most cases is in the drawers or the back of the bottom shelf. Storing meats on the top shelf may be more likely to leak and contaminate other foods that may be underneath. As a general rule of thumb, fresh poultry, seafood, and ground or chopped meat can be refrigerated for one to two days before cooking. Fresh red meat, cooked poultry, and meat leftovers can be refrigerated for three to five days, and lunch meats for three to seven day...

Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay

Lockheed Martin is an American aerospace multinational that also specializes in defense, security and advanced technology industries. The corporation was instituted in 1995 following the merger between Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta (Yenne, 2000). The corporation is based in Bethesda in Maryland with global centers that specialize in different aspects of the corporation’s many operations. Currently, the corporation employs over 120,000 employees scattered across the world. Presently, Lockheed is one of the largest defense contractors in the world and enjoys almost unlimited orders across the world. The operations of the corporation are divided into different segments comprising electronic systems (27%), aeronautics (27%), information systems and global solutions (27%) and space systems (19%). Today, US government contracts account for much of the corporation’s revenue while foreign government contracts also make up a substantial share of the revenue. On the other hand, orders from commercial clients only make up a mere 2 % of the total revenue the corporation nets in a year. In 1996, the corporation finalized the plans to acquire Lorad Corporation which subsequently became part of the corporation at a cost of $9. 1 billion. Like any other global corporation engaging thousands of employees across the world, Lockheed is certainly faced with a myriad of challenges that normally define business operations in the present world. One of the greatest challenges facing the corporation is the need to address employee concerns and effectively tackle the aspects of employee and industrial relations without many problems like is always the case. On certain instances the corporation has had to face the challenge of striking workers and go slow as employees complained about various aspects relating to their operations in the organization (Terris, 2010). In that regard, the aspect of dealing with these employee concerns has been one of the greatest employee challenges affecting the organization. Like most workers in the industry, most of Lockheed’s workers are unionized under the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace workers and are always part and parcel of the activities steered by the association. The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers is a worker organization, which draws its origin in 1888 when a group of nineteen machinists came together and formed the Order of the United Machinists and Mechanical Engineers. With time, the small organization grew in membership and adopted the present name. The organization has had a turbulent history characterized by the growth of labor movements in the twentieth century. The growth of the union went in tandem with the development of the transport industry throughout the years as more and more workers became employed in the industry. During its formation, the organization was generally a secret affair given that employers of the time were very critical and hostile toward organized labor movements. However, the Order rapidly spread beyond its formation zone of Georgia and was soon a recognized affair in the United States. Much of the growth in the membership of the union was mostly evidenced during the World Wars when workers in the transport industry increased owing to the increased demand of vehicles and airplanes (Cimini, 1994). In the course of the 1970s, the union was segmented into several divisions dealing with specific issues affecting the members. These included civil rights, organizing, older workers and retired workers and women. At a convection held in 1984 in Seattle, Washington, the delegates voted and decided to use the Placid Harbor Education Center in order to train and educate the members of the union. In 1998, the center was renamed to the Winpisinger Education and Technology Center in order to recognize and honor the late president of the union. Throughout history, the union has always addressed the issues affecting the workers and negotiated with the relevant employers on specific aspects relating to the welfare of the employees Contract Management, 2010). Over 3000 workers of Lockheed Corporation are unionized under the IAM and are always in track with the labor union. The union has always negotiated in several instances regarding the welfare of the workers of Lockheed. In 2009, IAM came under much negotiation with the management of Lockheed at Fort Worth where the corporation manufactures jets. The issues at play in that case were healthcare costs and pensions where the workers were over 3,900 people in total opposition with the management of the corporation. At an address to the workers on 19th April, 2009, IAM President promised the workers that the union would keenly negotiate for a fair and just contract between the members and the management of Lockheed (Julian & Denver, 2011). The core of the matter in this regard emerged out of the decision by Lockheed’s management to announce that it would eliminate pension programs for new hires and would also increase healthcare costs for all the workers at the corporation’s Fort Worth plant. The IAM Negotiating Committee promised that it would effectively address the issue with the parties and warned Lockheed against its wrong moves. There were also allegations that the company was planning to introduce very expensive healthcare plans if the workers rejected the idea of elimination of the then present healthcare plan (Sears, 2006). In the course of the negotiation, the union thwarted the efforts by the company to keep the proceedings away from the workers. They periodically informed the workers on whatever was transpiring between them and the management. Much of this effort was complemented when the union created a website from where information relating to the preceding talks was posted and the workers could easily follow. The union organized a series of committees to handle the various logistics of the strike and to keep the employees as well as the public well informed of the proceedings. Several committees came into formation, including the strike committee, communication, community service, film crew and kitchen (2010). These committees were basically assisting the union officials in addressing the challenge of the talks given that the public and the government had very special interest in the whole situation. In the course of the negotiations, the union officials presented the management of the corporation with an economic counter proposal. The management was supposed to go over the proposal and respond to the various questions that were thereby addressed. After going through the contents of the proposal, the officials of the organization invited the union officials to the bargaining table. In their arguments, the management enunciated that their plan to cut off the pension for the new hires was just appropriate and was basically a process of addressing the challenges the organization was facing at that time. In the process, it appeared that the management of the corporation was very adamant and did not want to cede ground on the bargaining table. While the management claimed that they actually paid their workers well and they could therefore afford the new proposal it was putting forward, the union members totally rejected the notion as giving through one hand and taking by the other which was basically unethical in business practice. As part of the initial negotiations, the management of Lockheed confirmed that it had given the union the option of accepting a 3 percent wage rise increase for the contract workers who were facing the challenge of the healthcare plan (Boyne, 2010). Moreover, additional signing bonus of $3,000 was also offered per worker as part of the deal. This was to be supplemented by $ 800 to cover the annual increase in the cost of living in the United States. According to the management, this was basically to be a contingency plan in order to address the fundamental issue at hand and enable the workers to return to their work. In the same process, Lockheed was facing similar pressure from Pentagon and was seriously in a fix to accept the proposals of the union. It was, however, a blow for the company when the union officials totally rejected the contingency plans on the account that they had never been successful in the past and that the company had always not honored such obligations (Anderson, 2009). In retaliation, Lockheed created the view that it could effectively continue its operations without much regard to the unionized workers who were seeking a change of the healthcare plans. The corporation announced that the mployed workers would effectively replace the unionized workers in the course of the operations ((IAMAW, 2012). For a while, amid the negotiation talks, it appeared that the strike was actually an unending affair given that most operations in the corporation had began resuming despite the striking unionized members. It was certainly a blow and a great challenge to the negotiation process and it created the need for further talks and measures to address the situation. The emerging situation presented the union officials with a lot of challenges and they opted to seek for alternative measures of operations while continuing with the negotiation process. Collective bargaining was effectively used in the negotiation between the union officials and the management of the corporation. For a while, it appeared that much of the efforts of the union and the workers would not bore any fruit given the obduracy of the management in seeking to rescind the initial plans. However, light was seen at the end of the tunnel when finally the management of Lockheed agreed to give their presentation regarding a new pension plan that they had opted to adopt instead of their earlier proposal. However, the union was very keen on accepting the proposal and several more negotiations were further made before an amicable solution was reached. In any case, collective bargaining had been the most applicable strategy in the negotiation process and it certainly appeared that most of the challenges of the workers at that time had been resolved at least for a while. The unit that was involved in the collective bargaining process was drawn from the members of the union and also had representation from the unionized members. The committees that were established had actually been drawn from the corporation’s workers. The negotiation process basically consisted of the union officials and the management of Lockheed who were mostly represented by the top officials at the corporation. The corporation being the largest defense contractor in the United States and beyond meant that the government has a lot of interest in its operations. Pentagon, therefore, played a great role in the negotiation process by its advice on the management to seriously regard the specific aspects that were under consideration in order to avoid any disruption of the production process. At the end, it was realized that the basic issues of health care and pension plans that had actually affected the workers were resolved quite amicably and the whole episode ended effectively. The management of Lockheed is certainly faced with a myriad of challenges, which normally affect the operational process. In any case, the corporation has always continued to address the issues affecting the employees in the most effective manner that mutually benefits all the parties in the negotiating table. (Rubenstein, 2007) In conclusion, it has to be stressed that the aspects of employee relations is a fundamental issue that affect large and small corporations alike. The most important concern is, however, the need to provide effective working environment and address the challenges facing the employees in the most effective way possible. The role of the labor unions in this regard cannot be overemphasized given their imperative role in representing the needs of the workers. In the collective bargaining process as a way of seeking to arrive at amicable solution with regard to the issues affecting the organization, it is realized that mutual understanding on each part of the bargain team is certainly an important consideration in the process. Whichever the case, negotiations can always help address the issues so long as the parties approach such negotiations with the seriousness they certainly deserve.